Confirmed Exoplanet Discovered 2014

Kepler-228 c

A sub-neptune orbiting the f-type yellow-white Kepler-228, located approximately 5,364.0 light-years from Earth.

Key parameters at a glance

  • A radius of 2.70 Earth radii
  • A mass of 7.75 Earth masses
  • Surface gravity around 1.06 g
  • An orbital period of 4.134 days
  • Semi-major axis 0.0520 AU
  • Equilibrium temperature 1,160 K (887 °C)
  • Distance from Earth 5,363.99 light-years
  • Earth Similarity Index 0.206
  • Travel time at Voyager 1 speed 94,594,032 years

2 siblings around Kepler-228

Kepler-228 c shares its host star with 2 other confirmed planets. Side-by-side measurements below.

Planet Type Radius (R⊕) Mass (M⊕) Period (d) Eq. T (K) Year
Kepler-228 b Super-Earth 1.53 2.96 2.567 1,360 2014
Kepler-228 c this Sub-Neptune 2.70 7.75 4.134 1,160 2014
Kepler-228 d Neptune-like 4.04 15.40 11.094 835 2014

Kepler-228 c Planet Profile

Physical Specs

Radius
2.70 R⊕
Radius (Jupiter)
0.241 R♃
Mass
7.75 M⊕
Mass (Jupiter)
0.024 M♃
Density
2.16 g/cm³
Surface Gravity
1.06 g (Earth)

Classification

Planet Type

Sub-Neptune

ESI Score 0.206
HZ Position Inner
Controversial No

Discovery

Year 2014
Method Transit
Facility Kepler
Telescope 0.95 m Kepler Telescope

Size rank in cohort

Rank by radius

#865of 1978

top 43.7%

This planet

2.70R⊕

Sub-Neptune median

2.71R⊕

Nearest-size peers

Metric Earth Kepler-228 c Jupiter
Radius (R⊕)1.002.7011.21
Mass (M⊕)1.007.75317.83
Density (g/cm³)5.512.161.33
Surface Gravity (g)1.001.062.53
Insolation (S⊕)1.00457.320.037

Star Catalogue Identifiers

TIC

TIC 27772524

Gaia DR2

Gaia DR2 2086660283961964416

Gaia DR3

Gaia DR3 2086660283961964416

System

Kepler-228

Percentile among Sub-Neptune cohort

Radius 2.700 R⊕ · percentile 56 / cohort 1978
Mass 7.750 M⊕ · percentile 51 / cohort 1978
Orbital period 4.13 d · percentile 9 / cohort 1946
Distance 1,644.61 pc · percentile 95 / cohort 1975
ESI 0.206 · percentile 8 / cohort 1978

Orbit & Habitability

Orbital Dynamics

Period
4.134 days
Semi-major axis
0.0520 AU
Eccentricity
0.000
Inclination
83.72 °

Year Length

A year here lasts approximately 4.13 Earth days (1.1% of a terrestrial year) on a nearly circular orbit at a mean orbital distance of 0.0520 AU.

Transit Fingerprint

Depth

0.069 %

Duration

3.123 h

Impact parameter b

0.150

Rp / R★

0.027630

Transit midpoint (BJD)

2,455,005.9768

Photometric dip

Transit produces a flux drop of 686 ppm lasting ≈ 3.12 h.

Extended Orbital Architecture

Planet / star radius ratio

0.027630

Semi-major axis / stellar radius

5.660

Impact parameter (b)

0.150

Transit mid-time (BJD)

2,455,005.9768

Angular separation (arcsec)

0.03160

Eq. Temperature

1,160K

(887 °C)

Insolation (S⊕)

457.32

Earth = 1.00

Earth Similarity (ESI)

0.206

0 = alien, 1 = Earth-identical

Inside the inner HZ boundary (too hot for liquid water) — the dayside is scorched.

Discovery Paper

Primary reference

Rowe et al. 2014

Instrument

Kepler CCD Array

Publication

2014-03

Observation locale

Space

Host System: Kepler-228

Spectral Class

F-type yellow-white

Effective Temperature

6,043 K — hotter than the Sun (5,778 K)

Estimated Age

6.76 Gyr — older than the Sun (4.6 Gyr)

Stellar Radius

1.014 R☉

Stellar Mass

1.006 M☉

Metallicity [Fe/H]

0.18

Extended Stellar Properties

Surface gravity (log g)

4.467 dex

Stellar density

0.790 g/cm³

Metallicity ratio

[Fe/H]

Distance
1,644.61 parsec
Light-years 5,363.99 ly
V-band magnitude
15.90 mag
Voyager-speed travel 94,594,032 yr

Multi-band Host Photometry — 16 bands

9.616.816.76B15.90V15.70Gaia15.71Kepler15.21TESS16.23Sloan g15.68Sloan r15.49Sloan i15.44Sloan z14.53J14.11H14.13K14.09W114.17W213.10W39.62W4

Astrometric Data

Parallax

0.580 mas

Total Proper Motion

9.434 mas/yr

PM Right Ascension

-5.05 mas/yr

PM Declination

-7.97 mas/yr

Galactic Cartesian (pc)

x = 0.295 · y = -0.597 · z = 0.746

Equatorial (J2000)

RA 296.28609° · Dec 48.22463°

Galactic ℓ, b

81.503° · 11.676°

Ecliptic λ, β

319.563° · 67.194°

HTM-20 index

1987710185

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