Confirmed Exoplanet Discovered 2014

Kepler-229 b

A sub-neptune orbiting the k-type orange Kepler-229, located approximately 2,694.9 light-years from Earth.

Key parameters at a glance

  • A radius of 2.20 Earth radii
  • A mass of 5.48 Earth masses
  • Surface gravity around 1.13 g
  • An orbital period of 6.253 days
  • Semi-major axis 0.0620 AU
  • Equilibrium temperature 823 K (550 °C)
  • Distance from Earth 2,694.91 light-years
  • Earth Similarity Index 0.323
  • Travel time at Voyager 1 speed 47,524,786 years
  • Almost certainly tidally locked to its host star given the close orbit

2 siblings around Kepler-229

Kepler-229 b shares its host star with 2 other confirmed planets. Side-by-side measurements below.

Planet Type Radius (R⊕) Mass (M⊕) Period (d) Eq. T (K) Year
Kepler-229 b this Sub-Neptune 2.20 5.48 6.253 823 2014
Kepler-229 c Neptune-like 4.92 21.50 16.069 600 2014
Kepler-229 d Sub-Neptune 3.85 14.20 41.195 439 2014

Kepler-229 b Planet Profile

Physical Specs

Radius
2.20 R⊕
Radius (Jupiter)
0.196 R♃
Mass
5.48 M⊕
Mass (Jupiter)
0.017 M♃
Density
2.83 g/cm³
Surface Gravity
1.13 g (Earth)

Classification

Planet Type

Sub-Neptune

ESI Score 0.323
HZ Position Inner
Controversial No

Discovery

Year 2014
Method Transit
Facility Kepler
Telescope 0.95 m Kepler Telescope

Size rank in cohort

Rank by radius

#1673of 1978

top 84.5%

This planet

2.20R⊕

Sub-Neptune median

2.71R⊕

Nearest-size peers

Metric Earth Kepler-229 b Jupiter
Radius (R⊕)1.002.2011.21
Mass (M⊕)1.005.48317.83
Density (g/cm³)5.512.831.33
Surface Gravity (g)1.001.132.53
Insolation (S⊕)1.0076.220.037

Star Catalogue Identifiers

TIC

TIC 399912169

Gaia DR2

Gaia DR2 2131114947819394816

Gaia DR3

Gaia DR3 2131114947819394816

System

Kepler-229

Percentile among Sub-Neptune cohort

Radius 2.200 R⊕ · percentile 15 / cohort 1978
Mass 5.480 M⊕ · percentile 15 / cohort 1978
Orbital period 6.25 d · percentile 18 / cohort 1946
Distance 826.27 pc · percentile 67 / cohort 1975
ESI 0.323 · percentile 34 / cohort 1978

Orbit & Habitability

Orbital Dynamics

Period
6.253 days
Semi-major axis
0.0620 AU
Eccentricity
0.000
Inclination
89.68 °

Year Length

A year here lasts approximately 6.25 Earth days (1.7% of a terrestrial year) on a nearly circular orbit at a mean orbital distance of 0.0620 AU.

Transit Fingerprint

Depth

0.104 %

Duration

2.640 h

Impact parameter b

0.110

Rp / R★

0.029697

Transit midpoint (BJD)

2,455,004.2988

Photometric dip

Transit produces a flux drop of 1,037 ppm lasting ≈ 2.64 h.

Extended Orbital Architecture

Planet / star radius ratio

0.029697

Semi-major axis / stellar radius

18.940

Impact parameter (b)

0.110

Transit mid-time (BJD)

2,455,004.2988

Angular separation (arcsec)

0.07500

Eq. Temperature

823K

(550 °C)

Insolation (S⊕)

76.22

Earth = 1.00

Earth Similarity (ESI)

0.323

0 = alien, 1 = Earth-identical

Inside the inner HZ boundary (too hot for liquid water) — the surface is too hot to retain surface water. Close-orbiting tidally-locked around a cool host.

Discovery Paper

Primary reference

Rowe et al. 2014

Instrument

Kepler CCD Array

Publication

2014-03

Observation locale

Space

Host System: Kepler-229

Spectral Class

K-type orange

Effective Temperature

5,120 K — cooler than the Sun (5,778 K)

Estimated Age

2.04 Gyr — younger than the Sun (4.6 Gyr)

Stellar Radius

0.728 R☉

Stellar Mass

0.808 M☉

Metallicity [Fe/H]

0.06

Extended Stellar Properties

Surface gravity (log g)

4.633 dex

Stellar density

1.940 g/cm³

Metallicity ratio

[Fe/H]

Distance
826.27 parsec
Light-years 2,694.91 ly
V-band magnitude
16.22 mag
Voyager-speed travel 47,524,786 yr

Multi-band Host Photometry — 16 bands

9.516.916.88B16.22V15.83Gaia15.84Kepler15.22TESS16.56Sloan g15.77Sloan r15.53Sloan i15.37Sloan z14.36J13.87H13.79K13.65W113.70W212.81W39.48W4

Astrometric Data

Parallax

1.182 mas

Total Proper Motion

5.627 mas/yr

PM Right Ascension

-1.33 mas/yr

PM Declination

-5.47 mas/yr

Galactic Cartesian (pc)

x = 0.194 · y = -0.635 · z = 0.748

Equatorial (J2000)

RA 286.99948° · Dec 48.37579°

Galactic ℓ, b

78.978° · 17.348°

Ecliptic λ, β

304.224° · 69.803°

HTM-20 index

-565252898

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