Confirmed Exoplanet Discovered 2014

Kepler-229 c

A neptune-like orbiting the k-type orange Kepler-229, located approximately 2,694.9 light-years from Earth.

Key parameters at a glance

  • A radius of 4.92 Earth radii
  • A mass of 21.50 Earth masses
  • Surface gravity around 0.89 g
  • An orbital period of 16.069 days
  • Semi-major axis 0.1170 AU
  • Equilibrium temperature 600 K (327 °C)
  • Distance from Earth 2,694.91 light-years
  • Earth Similarity Index 0.316
  • Travel time at Voyager 1 speed 47,524,786 years
  • Almost certainly tidally locked to its host star given the close orbit

2 siblings around Kepler-229

Kepler-229 c shares its host star with 2 other confirmed planets. Side-by-side measurements below.

Planet Type Radius (R⊕) Mass (M⊕) Period (d) Eq. T (K) Year
Kepler-229 b Sub-Neptune 2.20 5.48 6.253 823 2014
Kepler-229 c this Neptune-like 4.92 21.50 16.069 600 2014
Kepler-229 d Sub-Neptune 3.85 14.20 41.195 439 2014

Kepler-229 c Planet Profile

Physical Specs

Radius
4.92 R⊕
Radius (Jupiter)
0.439 R♃
Mass
21.50 M⊕
Mass (Jupiter)
0.068 M♃
Density
0.99 g/cm³
Surface Gravity
0.89 g (Earth)

Classification

Planet Type

Neptune-like

ESI Score 0.316
HZ Position Inner
Controversial No

Discovery

Year 2014
Method Transit
Facility Kepler
Telescope 0.95 m Kepler Telescope

Size rank in cohort

Rank by radius

#393of 574

top 68.3%

This planet

4.92R⊕

Neptune-like median

6.39R⊕

Nearest-size peers

Metric Earth Kepler-229 c Jupiter
Radius (R⊕)1.004.9211.21
Mass (M⊕)1.0021.50317.83
Density (g/cm³)5.510.991.33
Surface Gravity (g)1.000.892.53
Insolation (S⊕)1.0021.640.037

Star Catalogue Identifiers

TIC

TIC 399912169

Gaia DR2

Gaia DR2 2131114947819394816

Gaia DR3

Gaia DR3 2131114947819394816

System

Kepler-229

Percentile among Neptune-like cohort

Radius 4.920 R⊕ · percentile 31 / cohort 574
Mass 21.500 M⊕ · percentile 33 / cohort 574
Orbital period 16.07 d · percentile 47 / cohort 524
Distance 826.27 pc · percentile 68 / cohort 572
ESI 0.316 · percentile 54 / cohort 574

Orbit & Habitability

Orbital Dynamics

Period
16.069 days
Semi-major axis
0.1170 AU
Eccentricity
0.000
Inclination
89.92 °

Year Length

A year here lasts approximately 16.07 Earth days (4.4% of a terrestrial year) on a nearly circular orbit at a mean orbital distance of 0.1170 AU.

Transit Fingerprint

Depth

0.491 %

Duration

3.546 h

Impact parameter b

0.000

Rp / R★

0.065087

Transit midpoint (BJD)

2,455,006.6217

Photometric dip

Transit produces a flux drop of 4,914 ppm lasting ≈ 3.55 h.

Extended Orbital Architecture

Planet / star radius ratio

0.065087

Semi-major axis / stellar radius

36.850

Impact parameter (b)

0.000

Transit mid-time (BJD)

2,455,006.6217

Angular separation (arcsec)

0.14200

Eq. Temperature

600K

(327 °C)

Insolation (S⊕)

21.64

Earth = 1.00

Earth Similarity (ESI)

0.316

0 = alien, 1 = Earth-identical

Inside the inner HZ boundary (too hot for liquid water) — the surface is too hot to retain surface water. Close-orbiting tidally-locked around a cool host.

Discovery Paper

Primary reference

Rowe et al. 2014

Instrument

Kepler CCD Array

Publication

2014-03

Observation locale

Space

Host System: Kepler-229

Spectral Class

K-type orange

Effective Temperature

5,120 K — cooler than the Sun (5,778 K)

Estimated Age

2.04 Gyr — younger than the Sun (4.6 Gyr)

Stellar Radius

0.728 R☉

Stellar Mass

0.808 M☉

Metallicity [Fe/H]

0.06

Extended Stellar Properties

Surface gravity (log g)

4.633 dex

Stellar density

1.940 g/cm³

Metallicity ratio

[Fe/H]

Distance
826.27 parsec
Light-years 2,694.91 ly
V-band magnitude
16.22 mag
Voyager-speed travel 47,524,786 yr

Multi-band Host Photometry — 16 bands

9.516.916.88B16.22V15.83Gaia15.84Kepler15.22TESS16.56Sloan g15.77Sloan r15.53Sloan i15.37Sloan z14.36J13.87H13.79K13.65W113.70W212.81W39.48W4

Astrometric Data

Parallax

1.182 mas

Total Proper Motion

5.627 mas/yr

PM Right Ascension

-1.33 mas/yr

PM Declination

-5.47 mas/yr

Galactic Cartesian (pc)

x = 0.194 · y = -0.635 · z = 0.748

Equatorial (J2000)

RA 286.99948° · Dec 48.37579°

Galactic ℓ, b

78.978° · 17.348°

Ecliptic λ, β

304.224° · 69.803°

HTM-20 index

-565252898

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