Key parameters at a glance
- A radius of 1.93 Earth radii
- A mass of 24.10 Earth masses
- Surface gravity around 6.47 g
- An orbital period of 19.272 days
- Semi-major axis 0.1140 AU
- Equilibrium temperature 393 K (120 °C)
- Distance from Earth 1,032.67 light-years
- Earth Similarity Index 0.471
- Travel time at Voyager 1 speed 18,211,110 years
- Almost certainly tidally locked to its host star given the close orbit
1 sibling around Kepler-231
Kepler-231 c shares its host star with 1 other confirmed planet. Side-by-side measurements below.
| Planet | Type | Radius (R⊕) | Mass (M⊕) | Period (d) | Eq. T (K) | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kepler-231 b | Super-Earth | 1.73 | 35.40 | 10.065 | 488 | 2014 |
| Kepler-231 c this | Super-Earth | 1.93 | 24.10 | 19.272 | 393 | 2014 |
Kepler-231 c Planet Profile
Physical Specs
Classification
Planet Type
Super-Earth
Discovery
Size rank in cohort
Rank by radius
#85of 1176
top 7.1%
This planet
1.93R⊕
Super-Earth median
1.60R⊕
Nearest-size peers
| Metric | Earth | Kepler-231 c | Jupiter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Radius (R⊕) | 1.00 | 1.93 | 11.21 |
| Mass (M⊕) | 1.00 | 24.10 | 317.83 |
| Density (g/cm³) | 5.51 | 0.97 | 1.33 |
| Surface Gravity (g) | 1.00 | 6.47 | 2.53 |
| Insolation (S⊕) | 1.00 | 6.27 | 0.037 |
Alternative Mass Estimates
| Method | Value | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|
| Best measured mass | 24.100 M⊕ | Direct mass measurement (not derived). |
Star Catalogue Identifiers
TIC
TIC 27006192
Gaia DR2
Gaia DR2 2135223204298512128
Gaia DR3
Gaia DR3 2135223204298512128
System
Kepler-231
Percentile among Super-Earth cohort
Orbit & Habitability
Orbital Dynamics
Year Length
A year here lasts approximately 19.27 Earth days (5.3% of a terrestrial year) on a nearly circular orbit at a mean orbital distance of 0.1140 AU.
Transit Fingerprint
Depth
0.122 %
Duration
3.209 h
Impact parameter b
0.870
Rp / R★
0.031590
Transit midpoint (BJD)
2,455,019.7691
Photometric dip
Transit produces a flux drop of 1,220 ppm lasting ≈ 3.21 h.
Extended Orbital Architecture
Planet / star radius ratio
0.031590
Semi-major axis / stellar radius
45.400
Impact parameter (b)
0.870
Transit mid-time (BJD)
2,455,019.7691
Angular separation (arcsec)
0.36000
Eq. Temperature
393K
(120 °C)
Insolation (S⊕)
6.27
Earth = 1.00
Earth Similarity (ESI)
0.471
0 = alien, 1 = Earth-identical
Inside the inner HZ boundary (too hot for liquid water) — the surface is too hot to retain surface water. Close-orbiting tidally-locked around a cool host.
Detection Signatures
Transit photometry
A transit dip has been observed from at least one telescope.
Transit timing variations
Gravitational interactions from neighbours have been detected.
Discovery Paper
Primary reference
Rowe et al. 2014Instrument
Kepler CCD Array
Publication
2014-03
Observation locale
Space
Discovery cohort
Planets confirmed in 2014 at Kepler (12 shown).
Host System: Kepler-231
Spectral Class
M-type red dwarf
Effective Temperature
3,767 K — cooler than the Sun (5,778 K)
Estimated Age
3.15 Gyr — younger than the Sun (4.6 Gyr)
Stellar Radius
0.490 R☉
Stellar Mass
0.580 M☉
Metallicity [Fe/H]
-0.10
Extended Stellar Properties
Surface gravity (log g)
4.779 dex
Stellar density
7.162 g/cm³
Metallicity ratio
[Fe/H]
Multi-band Host Photometry — 16 bands
Astrometric Data
Parallax
3.130 mas
Total Proper Motion
13.589 mas/yr
PM Right Ascension
5.04 mas/yr
PM Declination
-12.62 mas/yr
Galactic Cartesian (pc)
x = 0.258 · y = -0.581 · z = 0.772
Equatorial (J2000)
RA 293.97339° · Dec 50.53185°
Galactic ℓ, b
82.916° · 14.061°
Ecliptic λ, β
318.832° · 69.936°
HTM-20 index
479015227
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