Confirmed Exoplanet Discovered 2016

Kepler-994 b

A super-earth orbiting the k-type orange Kepler-994, located approximately 613.7 light-years from Earth.

Key parameters at a glance

  • A radius of 1.60 Earth radii
  • A mass of 3.19 Earth masses
  • Surface gravity around 1.25 g
  • An orbital period of 1.151 days
  • Semi-major axis 0.0177 AU
  • Equilibrium temperature 957 K (684 °C)
  • Distance from Earth 613.69 light-years
  • Earth Similarity Index 0.307
  • Travel time at Voyager 1 speed 10,822,398 years
  • Almost certainly tidally locked to its host star given the close orbit

Kepler-994 b Planet Profile

Physical Specs

Radius
1.60 R⊕
Radius (Jupiter)
0.143 R♃
Mass
3.19 M⊕
Mass (Jupiter)
0.010 M♃
Density
4.28 g/cm³
Surface Gravity
1.25 g (Earth)

Classification

Planet Type

Super-Earth

ESI Score 0.307
HZ Position Inner
Controversial No

Discovery

Year 2016
Method Transit
Facility Kepler
Telescope 0.95 m Kepler Telescope

Size rank in cohort

Rank by radius

#570of 1176

top 48.4%

This planet

1.60R⊕

Super-Earth median

1.60R⊕

Nearest-size peers

Metric Earth Kepler-994 b Jupiter
Radius (R⊕)1.001.6011.21
Mass (M⊕)1.003.19317.83
Density (g/cm³)5.514.281.33
Surface Gravity (g)1.001.252.53
Insolation (S⊕)1.00243.980.037

Star Catalogue Identifiers

TIC

TIC 158983792

Gaia DR2

Gaia DR2 2127904992341848960

Gaia DR3

Gaia DR3 2127904992341848960

System

Kepler-994

Percentile among Super-Earth cohort

Radius 1.600 R⊕ · percentile 50 / cohort 1176
Mass 3.190 M⊕ · percentile 46 / cohort 1176
Orbital period 1.15 d · percentile 7 / cohort 1164
Distance 188.16 pc · percentile 23 / cohort 1171
ESI 0.307 · percentile 38 / cohort 1176

Orbit & Habitability

Orbital Dynamics

Period
1.151 days
Semi-major axis
0.0177 AU
Eccentricity
0.000
Inclination
89.80 °

Year Length

A year here lasts approximately 1.15 Earth days (0.3% of a terrestrial year) on a nearly circular orbit at a mean orbital distance of 0.0177 AU.

Transit Fingerprint

Depth

0.061 %

Duration

1.188 h

Impact parameter b

0.029

Rp / R★

0.027026

Transit midpoint (BJD)

2,454,966.2319

Photometric dip

Transit produces a flux drop of 606 ppm lasting ≈ 1.19 h.

Extended Orbital Architecture

Planet / star radius ratio

0.027026

Semi-major axis / stellar radius

8.257

Impact parameter (b)

0.029

Transit mid-time (BJD)

2,454,966.2319

Angular separation (arcsec)

0.09410

Eq. Temperature

957K

(684 °C)

Insolation (S⊕)

243.98

Earth = 1.00

Earth Similarity (ESI)

0.307

0 = alien, 1 = Earth-identical

Inside the inner HZ boundary (too hot for liquid water) — the surface is too hot to retain surface water. Close-orbiting tidally-locked around a cool host.

Discovery Paper

Primary reference

Morton et al. 2016

Instrument

Kepler CCD Array

Publication

2016-05

Observation locale

Space

Host System: Kepler-994

Spectral Class

K-type orange

Effective Temperature

3,934 K — cooler than the Sun (5,778 K)

Estimated Age

3.24 Gyr — younger than the Sun (4.6 Gyr)

Stellar Radius

0.540 R☉

Stellar Mass

0.560 M☉

Metallicity [Fe/H]

-0.13

Extended Stellar Properties

Surface gravity (log g)

4.720 dex

Stellar density

3.883 g/cm³

Metallicity ratio

[Fe/H]

Distance
188.16 parsec
Light-years 613.69 ly
V-band magnitude
15.05 mag
Voyager-speed travel 10,822,398 yr

Multi-band Host Photometry — 16 bands

9.516.416.39B15.05V14.47Gaia14.44Kepler13.49TESS15.85Sloan g14.51Sloan r13.84Sloan i13.48Sloan z12.26J11.61H11.45K11.36W111.36W211.29W39.49W4

Astrometric Data

Parallax

5.286 mas

Total Proper Motion

36.462 mas/yr

PM Right Ascension

-17.96 mas/yr

PM Declination

-31.73 mas/yr

Galactic Cartesian (pc)

x = 0.221 · y = -0.640 · z = 0.736

Equatorial (J2000)

RA 289.07208° · Dec 47.40692°

Galactic ℓ, b

78.596° · 15.694°

Ecliptic λ, β

306.944° · 68.414°

HTM-20 index

1652357445

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